Flagella And Cilia :: essays research papers

FlagellaFlagella are necessary for the active movement of bacterial cells and protozoa. Flagella are single, whip-like structures that propel an organism through an aquatic environment. They use undulatory motions, where the waves of motion start at the base of the flagellum. The size, the volume of the medium, the length, position and width of the flagella on the organism determine the direction and speed propulsion of the cell. There are three different types of flagella movement. They are either planar, oarlike beating, or three dimensional waves.In the three dimensional wave movement, the flagella whips back and forth. As a result, the organism moves forward in the direction of the flagellum.The planar waves are mostly asymmetrical, and are on a single plane. The planar waves make the protozoan rotate on it’s longitudinal axis. The direction of movement is opposite of the direction of the wave.The oarlike flagellar movement is the same as planer, but the waves are often v ery asymmetrical, and have more side to side swing. Also, the protozoan usually rotates and moves with the flagellum from the front end.CiliaCilia are tiny hairlike appendices that swim or beat individually or in large fields. They work like flexible oars. The movement of each cilia must be closely coordinated with all of the other cilia. This is called metachronal rhythm, which is a wave of simultaneously beating groups of cilia moving from the anterior to posterior end of the organism and is responsible for the transport of objects and materials.Cilia play an important role in nearly all life functions in most species in the animal kingdom, including humans. Some of which are, feeding, reproduction, sensing, swimming, and transportation. Since they are so important, there has been a great deal of research done on them. Hancock made the first theoretical breakthrough in the mid-50’s, although cilia have been known about for 250 years. Flagella And Cilia :: essays research papers FlagellaFlagella are necessary for the active movement of bacterial cells and protozoa. Flagella are single, whip-like structures that propel an organism through an aquatic environment. They use undulatory motions, where the waves of motion start at the base of the flagellum. The size, the volume of the medium, the length, position and width of the flagella on the organism determine the direction and speed propulsion of the cell. There are three different types of flagella movement. They are either planar, oarlike beating, or three dimensional waves.In the three dimensional wave movement, the flagella whips back and forth. As a result, the organism moves forward in the direction of the flagellum.The planar waves are mostly asymmetrical, and are on a single plane. The planar waves make the protozoan rotate on it’s longitudinal axis. The direction of movement is opposite of the direction of the wave.The oarlike flagellar movement is the same as planer, but the waves are often v ery asymmetrical, and have more side to side swing. Also, the protozoan usually rotates and moves with the flagellum from the front end.CiliaCilia are tiny hairlike appendices that swim or beat individually or in large fields. They work like flexible oars. The movement of each cilia must be closely coordinated with all of the other cilia. This is called metachronal rhythm, which is a wave of simultaneously beating groups of cilia moving from the anterior to posterior end of the organism and is responsible for the transport of objects and materials.Cilia play an important role in nearly all life functions in most species in the animal kingdom, including humans. Some of which are, feeding, reproduction, sensing, swimming, and transportation. Since they are so important, there has been a great deal of research done on them. Hancock made the first theoretical breakthrough in the mid-50’s, although cilia have been known about for 250 years.

Filipino writers Essay

Region Literary Types Prominent Author Bicol Literature -extraordinary vitalityof richness in depicting historical events, specific persons and social conditions in Bicol Region. – characterized by clarity and grace of expression evident in song and dance. – friction writing in Bicol has not flourished. Handiog (epic) – First important work in Bicol. Liturgical Play (play) – combination of miming and punning with religious to cover up doubled edge statements against Spaniards. Comedia – as a social and political critique enhanced by his creation of an ineffectual character quite like tragic hero. Anti Cristo (drama) – technical artistry gained appreciative comments from drama critics at University of the Philippines. Maria Lilia F. Realubit Mariano Perfecto Sabas Armenta Justiniano Nuyda Asisclo Jimenez – Known for his gift of mimicry and comic version of life. Manuel Fuentabella – noted for his lyricism and sensitivity. Angelo De Castro – writes with perceptivity and fatalism. Valerio Zuniga – projects human feelings clearly in his work. Mariano Goyena del Prado – writes with poetic awareness and dramatic choice of words. Ilocano Literature – best illustrates the literature of the region in various stages Dallang – Ilokano Literature Lam-ang and Namongan – earliest known poem, mention of Christian baptism and marriage and names of other characters shows strong evidence of hispanization. Translation of Cardinal Bellarmine’s Catechism – first book printed in Iloko, earliest source of information about Pedro Bukaneg. Passion and Panagbiag – religious work Moro Moro and Zarzuela (Comedia) – first presented by Isabelo Uray Narigat No Paguimbagan/ Improvement Despite Obstacles 1911 (novel) Nasamitken Narucbos nga Sabong daguiti Dardarepdep it Agbaniaga/ Sweet and Fresh Flower of a travellers Dream1921 Mining Wenno Ayat it Cararua/ Mining or Spiritual Love 1941 Banawag – weekly magazine Maingel it Kabambantayan (The hero of Wilderness) – life of Ilokano pioneers who seeks greener pastures in Cagayan Puris it Barukong (Thorn in the Breast) – studies between the fued between the Iloko and other regional groups. Dagiti Mariing Iti Parbangon (Who are awakened at Down) – deals with fisherman because poetry seeks employment in government. Nasudi nga Agnanayon (Forever Pure) and Ta Dida Ammo it Aramidda – are the social study of Sapanish era. Ramut iti Ganggannaet (Roots in Foreign Soil) – about Filipino Identity The Other Women Marcelino A. Foronda Jr. – gives substantial account of Ilocano literature Fray Francisco Lopez Pedro Bukaneg – father of Iloko Literature. Leona Florentino – National poetess of the Philippines. Isabelo de los Reyes – folklone studies and religious and political article. Facundo Madriaga Marcos E. Milton Marcelo Pena Crisologo Former President Ferdinand Marcos – reffered it as the bible of Northern Philippines. Arsenio T. Ramels Contante Casabars Marcelino Foronda Jr. Marcelino Foronda Jr. Virgilio R. Samonte Sugbuanon Literature provides information and insights into the character and culture of the largest linguistic sector in the Philippines. Abundant and varied. According to Saturio Villarino, it is characterized by adaptions from Spanish and English poetry. Inspired by vernacular translations of foreign novels. Ang Suga (The Lamp) – bitter consequences of Filipinos sensitivity towards the Spanish Occupation. Lalawa (Image) – collection of didactic short stories portraying to society problem character. Dili Diay Yawan-on (Not truly evil) and Fausto Dugenio’s Sayaw (The Dance of Life) Syudad sa Sugbu (V Ramos St., Cebu City) And Temistocles Adlawan’s Ang Gindak-on sa Dagat (The Breadth on the Sea) – most significant stories during the last 30 years Miawas ang Taub (The Tide Overflowed) – longest Sugbuanon novel, composed of 80 up to 90 characters. Ang Palad ni Pepe (Pepe’s Fortune) – phenomenally successful novel serialize in Bisaya Ang Anak ni Pepe (Pepe’s Child) – sequel to Pepe’s Fortune Adlaw sa Panudya (Day of Reckoning) – master piece of Tiburcio Baguio with Francisco Candia Balitaw – comic representation of love Drama Balitaw – developed from balitaw, which story line with spoken dialogue is woven around at least two balitaw sequences. Duplo – debate in verse with only two characters. Balagtasan sa Balitaw – incorporation of duplo and balitaw, courtship plot became frame work. Kolilisi – private type of drama performed by neighbors to divert bereaved family. Bagamundo – related type of folk play where a vagabond stranger arrives at the gate of kolilisi. Pamalaye – private performance, old Sugbuanon ritual formalizing an engage to marry. The Quarell between the East and the West Bachelors – story from Marawi City Nicolas Rafols Vicente Rama Domingo Estabaya – outstanding among the school writers Dionisio Gabriels Dalan V. Rama Natario Bacalso- outstanding novalist duing this time Flaviano Boquecosa – outstanding novalist duing this time Tiburcio Baguio Radiomoda Mamitua Saber

Things Fall Apart Pt. 1 Study Questions Answers - 3516 Words

Things Fall Apart – Chinua Achebe Study Questions 1)- Achebe would choose to take the title of â€Å"The Second Coming† probably because the Igbo tribe falls apart inside due to social issues more as it was said in the poem, â€Å"Things fall apart; the center cannot hold.†. This deepens/extends the meaning of Achebe’s title and novel because the main center of the Igbo tribe was losing its strength and conflicts were bound to happen because of this. 2)- Okonkwo was quite popular throughout the villages. After a wrestling match he began to gain fame. He was tall, huge, and had bushy eyebrows with a wide nose. He also used physical violence to make his point or release his anger. In addition, he hardly ever showed any other expression than†¦show more content†¦Proverbs were frequently used in their culture. It adds more of a meaning to how they communicate and communication was very important in keeping the Igbo society united. Similar folktales told in my culture are the multiple tales of Anansi the spider. The moral of the fable of the tortoise told in Ch. 11 is basically one who causes troubles for others, causes it for him/herself as well so it’s best not to be selfish and take advantage of others. . These stories reflect the importance of different cultures and their values. 5)- The story takes place in the village of Umuofia in Africa. It contained nine villages and there they embrace the Igbo culture. In Igbo culture, men are superior to their wives. The old wise elders have authority also. They worshipped nature gods such as earth and sky gods. Important celebrations include the Week of Peace and the Feast of the New Yam. The role of war, religion, and the arts were very important. The role of war is to show how manly the men are and the role of religion is traditional because they pray to the gods since that is what their ancestors did. The arts’ role was a form of entertainment but also for rank because when Okonkwo won the fight against Amalinze, he was noticed, became famous and people thought highly of him. An individual’s role depends on their rank in the clan and how worthy they proved to be. Okonkwos culture is very different thanShow MoreRelatedCase Study 15: Endocarditis Essay5879 Words   |  24 PagesCase Study 15 Scenario J.F. is a 50-year-old married homemaker with a genetic autoimmune defi ciency; she has suffered from recurrent bacterial endocarditis. The most recent episodes were a Staphylococcus aureus infection of the mitral valve 16 months ago and a Streptococcus mutans infection of the aortic valve 1 month ago. During this latter hospitalization, an ECG showed moderate aortic stenosis, moderate aortic insuffi - ciency, chronic valvular vegetations, and moderate left atrial enlargementRead MoreCase Study Essay33967 Words   |  136 PagesPART ONE Medical-Surgical Cases 1 1 Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Disorders Case Study 1 Heart Failure Difficulty: Beginning Setting: Emergency department, hospital Index Words: heart failure (HF), cardiomyopathy, volume overload, quality of life X Scenario M.G., a â€Å"frequent flier,† is admitted to the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of heart failure (HF). She was discharged from the hospital 10 days ago and comes in today stating, â€Å"I just had to come to the hospital today because IRead MoreCan Adversity Do Anything but Harm?4329 Words   |  18 Pageslife. Some even face this condition very early in life or at a young age. However, the failure to take action early on will only intensify the negativity. 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Health Cases throughout the World - 975 Words

In case 4, eliminating polio in Latin America and the Caribbean, polio, one of the most infectious diseases, paralyzed thousands of children every year worldwide before the oral polio vaccine was introduce in 1977. As polio intestinal virus paralysis by invading the central nervous system, the virus exponentially widespread with a series of polio outbreaks up to 15,000 cases and 1750 deaths each year in Latin America and the Caribbean. In 1985, Pan American Health organization (PAHO) began a polio eradication campaign in the region for routine immunization by Expanded Programme on Immunization. The program had two crucial objectives: mobilizing financial and social commitments in the region and organizing managerial surveillance to carry out immunization in each country. In a vertical way to set immunization strategies, diverse international organizations such as UNICEF and USAID coordinated Inter-Agency Committee (ICC) for a five-year National Plan of Action. To increase immunizatio n coverage in areas with weak routine health services, all endemic countries in the region performed national vaccine days twice a year to immunize every child under 5. The campaign tackled the disease with house-to-house vaccination in communities reporting polio cases and with low coverage. An extensive surveillance system also helped to track the polio outbreaks with investigating each suspected case within 48 hours. Today polio has been eliminated with continuous monitoring and regionalShow MoreRelatedHpv Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesRising HPV Cases in Adolescent Women The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is very common throughout the United States and worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). There are over 100 different forms of the virus with 13 of these types being capable of causing cancer (WHO, 2016). HPV can lead to the development of serious health problems. 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The Three Areas of Globalization - 954 Words

According to Thomas Friedman, â€Å"In Globalization 1.0, which began around 1492, the world went from size large to size medium. In Globalization 2.0, the era that introduced us to multinational companies, it went from size medium to size small. And then around 2000 came Globalization 3.0, in which the world went from being small to tiny.† It is not something one can pin point and define as a formal structure of the current international system. Globalization is a notion of the growing interconnectedness of the world categorized into three forms, cultural, political and economical globalization. Much like the quote by Thomas Friedman, globalization gives the conviction of the world being continually smaller and the pace of†¦show more content†¦Stiglitz especially is very critical of the Washington Consensus. The consensus was between â€Å"the IMF, the World Bank, and the U.S Treasury where they decided on the â€Å"right† policies for developing countriesâ € ¦signaling a radically different approach to economic development and stabilization† (Stiglitz, 16). Much of the policies were made based on the problems in Latin America that had occurred because of government corruption. The three main economic policies countries had to adopt to gain financial help were fiscal austerity, privatization and liberalization. Fiscal austerity meant that the countries that borrowed money from the IMF or World Bank would have to raise taxes and cut welfare spending. The consensus also asks you to privatize companies rather than have state capitalism or social capitalism. The main consequences of these policies led the countries to loose economic sovereignty of their state and the people lost their welfare state. Liberalization of the market isn’t also the correct way to run a government as seen in Korea 1997. However, as Stiglitz mentioned in the book, it is not all globalizations fault but the fault of the person managing it and how it is managed. Globalization often has its cultural influences. Western media and shows are broadcasted worldwide. The spread of ‘WesternShow MoreRelatedSustainable Development and Globalization Are Two Popular Concept with Respect to Present Context. Is Globalization Is a Threat for Sustainable Development ?1031 Words   |  5 Pagesof sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts â€Å"Let’s see the three overlapping circles: one representing environmental needs, one representing economic needs, and one representing community social needs. The area where the circles overlap is the area of sustainability, the area of livability – the area where all the threads of quality of life come together. 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(Rosenau 16) Globalization and localization affect the world’s countries in three main areas, politicsRead MoreHow Globalization Affects Developing Countries?1504 Words   |  7 PagesHow Globalization Affects Developed Countries The phenomenon of globalization began in a primitive form when humans first settled into different areas of the world; however, it has shown a rather steady and rapid progress in the recent times and has become an international dynamic which, due to technological advancements, has increased in speed and scale, so that countries in all five continents have been affected and engaged. What Is Globalization? Globalization is defined as a process which, basedRead MoreMajor Forces That Are Leading International Firms Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesThere are five major forces that are leading international firms to the globalization of their operations which includes (1) political (2) technological (3) market (4) cost and (5) competition. Many firms initiate international operations to gain assess by combined markets through exporting product or producing within the area. Technological According to (Ball, 2011) today’s technology has allowed an advance in computers, communication and an increase flow of ideas. Through the internet and networks

Current Information Technology Environment Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Current Information Technology Environment Essay, Research Paper Current IT Environment: As a company that will be runing entirely in the medical field we need to take a expression at the predecessors or precursors to our company to see what IT systems they used to do them successful. Of class we will merely utilize this information as a theoretical account to develop and accommodate our ain theoretical account of IT that will be seamster made for our concern. The current theoretical account used by medical professionals that are affiliated with our concern in a relational manner to our merchandise is one used by SCIENTIFIC SEARCH INC. In this concern they use: ? Programmer/Analyst ? Client Waiter ? Relation Databases ; Sybase, Oracle, A ; Informix. ? AS/400 ? Networking ? C, C++ , UNIX ? WWW-Web, Java, Perl, HTML ? Windows NT ? Powerbuilder ? Network Manager The application coder is responsible for planing, coding, proving, and debugging plans to implement new plans and the systems analyst is responsible for the analysis of the current concern system, its organisation, processs, work flow, information demands, and jobs. The client waiter is when application processing is divided between a client, which is typically a personal computing machine, and a waiter, which may be a Personal computer, a minicomputer, or a mainframe. ( pg. 700 ) Relation databases ( Sybase, Oracle, A ; Informix ) . Sybase ( A UNIX procedure ) is a waiter and is known as the database engine. It is used as a key in monitoring, nosologies, security, pull offing application stored processs, and pull offing user histories. Oracle being derived from Greek mythology means the name of the beginning of all truth, the replies to all inquiries which is a database that normally interacts with other applications for such things as fabrication, human resources, programming, and fiscal material. Informix is a package and/or database for corporate computer science environments. AS/400 is a client waiter engineering that is used in mission critical concern calculating. They are merely manufactured in two topographic points Rochester, Minnesota and Santa Palomba, Italy. Networking is several Personal computer? s that can all entree the same database at any clip. It allows multiple computing machines to portion information through one common database. Enterprise Networking is developing the demands by which different webs can interchange informations. C, C++ , UNIX C A ; C++ are both programming linguistic communications. C is the programming linguistic communication that is used for most common applications. C++ is the following coevals of C linguistic communication and is more user friendly. Unix is an operating system that competes with Microsoft Windows but it requires tonss of bids. However it is more stable and less likely to crash on you. WWW-Web, Java, Perl, HTML The web is the library of the universe it is similar to holding an online database. Java is a programming linguistic communication that competes with C++ . Perl is another programming linguistic communication. HTML which stands for hypertext mark-up linguistic communication is the programming linguistic communication of the Internet and of all the web pages found on the Internet. Windows NT is an operating system that competes with UNIX and is more user friendly from an interface point of view. PowerBuilder is: ? A in writing PC-based client/server application development environment. You can develop front-end applications which entree RDBMS ( Relational Database Management System ) without coding in a 3 GL ( 3rd Generation Language ) such as C or C++ . ? RAD Tool You might hold besides seen it frequently referred to as the RAD ( Rapid Application Development ) tool. In PowerBuilder you can set together a working paradigm, for the user to look at, in a fraction of the clip it may take for you to make the same in a 3GL ( one time you have learned PowerBuilder! ) . That is why it is called a RAD tool. ? 4GL ( 4th Generation Language ) : In a 3GL, you have to compose a batch of codification to acquire a few things done. In PowerBuilder you use screens, known as painters, to diagrammatically set together the ocular pieces of the application. Then you attach code to this ocular piece in a sample basic-like linguistic communication, called PowerScript. Due to the fact that it hides the complexnesss of a 3GL like this, it is known as a 4GL. Network Manager A individual that administers the web. They make certain the computing machines can speak with one another. These constituents and technicians are the 1s that presently comprise the peculiar medical landscape in which we endeavor to run in for success in our concern. By reexamining these constituents carefully we will seek to find if there is anything we can exclude or add to the IT environment to assist boom or prolong our concern. Strategic IT chance: In discoursing the description of the strategic IT chance for our concern one would hold to reason that it would be an expensive project to be associated with a merchandise that is considered a high technological device in the medical field. One which would imply many professionals sentiments and blessings for concluding credence. While portion of that is true we will seek and salvage money through our IT attack to our concern. We will hold a centralized location for which all the users of our merchandise can bind hostel with at any clip. By making a centralised location for information assemblage and circulating we will extinguish the demand for anything local. By carry throughing this effort entirely we will salvage money. Though one might believe that the quality of the merchandise would travel down due to the deficiency of communicating lines that would usually be at that place in a local scene for a merchandise like this. The information vacuity will be sufficed by holding an outstanding web site with diagrams, images, and measure by measure instructions on merely precisely how to utilize our merchandise. This site will hold sound capablenesss so the terminal user can follow the measure by measure instructions easier. We will besides hold AVI images so that anyone can see the moving images associated with the sound. It would be like watching a mini-movie. We will hold classs with different degrees of c oncern on the web and if the end-user still has inquiries they can make a wellness attention professional that will be at that place to reply any inquiries. The site will hold a location where you can snap on to automatically put a toll free call right from the web site. You will be able to type in your inquiry to the individual or computing machine and it will provide the reply or speak straight to a trained professional via the computing machine. Considerations A few things under consideration are puting a little cyberspace screen on the medical device itself that would maintain the user abreast of all the medical updates on an on-going footing. Another consideration would be to implement voice acknowledgment whereby the device would merely trip upon a voice lucifer. Decision: In reasoning, we will follow the way of IT that other similar companies have followed in making our IT landscape except for the fact that we will non hold to trust on a localized IT environment for every country. By making this we will salvage money and resources. The other execution is that of a sophisticated though easy to follow and understand web site. This would enable the end-user to run the device with great certainty that if any inquiries or jobs were to originate by utilizing the device they can entree a user friendly system that would supply solutions to their suppressions.

Tap Water free essay sample

Brands like Aquafina, Evian, and Dasani claim to use sources from deep, pristine pools of spring water, and majestic alpine peaks. When companies claim their water is from pure sources and is of safe quality, millions of people believe that bottled water is the safest water source to drink, while tap water is not. Relevance statement: So when we go to the store lugging around cases of brand name water from â€Å"pristine pools†, is it truly a better choice than your tap water that comes out of the faucet in the kitchen of your very own home? Credibility statement: As a normal person that used to buy bottled water everyday, I decided to be a smart thinker, so I did some research on water quality, and now, I became a smart drinker with tap water . Preview statement: And so today I’m hoping to encourage you all to not waste your money on bottled water anymore because of the quality, the regulations, and the overall prices between bottled water and tap water. We will write a custom essay sample on Tap Water or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So first, let’s look at the actual difference of quality in bottled and tap water. Consumers have been convinced that bottled is more pure and safe than tap water, but some studies show otherwise. * With slogans like â€Å"So pure, we promise nothing† and â€Å"Purity Guaranteed† from water bottle brands like Aquafina, people are convinced that their water which is bottled, is simply pure, but, is it? * According to Dr. Sarah Janssen, a scientist from the Natural Resources Defense Council, â€Å"70 percent of popular bottled water brands available in shops had high levels of bacteria. Bottled water isnt any safer or purer than what comes out of the tap†¦ In fact, its less well-regulated, and youre more likely to know whats in tap water. † * The Natural Resource Defense Council also held another study tested for hundreds of different chemicals in 38 brands of California bottled water. â€Å"Two samples had arsenic contamination, six had chemical byproducts of chlorination, and six had measurable levels of other toxic chemicals. Several samples violated Californias bottled water standards. The website, www. nrdc. org states â€Å"Some of this marketing is misleading, implying the water comes from pristine sources when it does not. For example, one brand of spring water whose label pictured a lake and mountains, actually came from a well in an industrial facilitys parking lot, near a hazardous waste dump, and periodically was contaminated with industrial chemicals at levels above FDA standards† * Tap Water is thought as to be bad quality, but resea rch and study has shown differently. Furthermore, A group of researchers took five bottles of brand name bottled water and a sample of tap water from a drinking fountain in the middle of New York City and sent them to microbiologist, Aaron Margolin, who said â€Å"There was actually no difference between the tap water and the bottled waters that we evaluated. † * NRDC has researched bottled water extensively and has found that it is â€Å"subject to less rigorous testing and purity standards than those which apply to city tap water. Now that we understand that bottled water is not exactly anymore purer or better than tap water, let’s see how bottled water and tap water rise up to meet certain standards in quality. * Even though both bottled water and tap water are under regulation from organizations, tap water is in the organization with stricter, leading standards. * The Food amp; Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the bottled water products for water quality, while the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ensures the regulation of the quality of public tap water. * When it comes to standards and rules for water regulations, the EPA sets the bar, leaving FDA’s regulations for bottled water behind and trailing. * For instance, â€Å"Generally, over the years, the FDA has adopted EPA standards for tap water as standards for bottled water. * According to www. environment. about. com â€Å"Bottled water is required to be tested less frequently than tap water for bacteria and chemical contaminants, and U. S. Food and Drug Administration bottled water rules allow for some contamination by  E. coli  or  fecal coli form, contrary to EPA tap water rules that prohibit any such contamination. † * The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) states that By law, the FDA Standard of Quality for bottled water must be as stringent as the EPAs standards for public drinking water. † * Thus, the FDA organization (which regulates bottled water) lacks standards that the EPA organization (which regulates bottled water) has. Now that we understand how tap water is either the same or better than bottled water with quality and regulations, let’s see how much we are paying for water in plastic bottles. * With bacteria levels and regulations from bottled water that is either as safe or less safe than tap water, it is shocking to know that buyers end up paying for bottled water that can add up to costly prices, im more ways than one. * Whether buying individual water bottles from the vending machine or lugging big cases of water bottles from the supermarket, far too much money is being spent for water. In comparison to prices of another useful resource, gas, bottled water is as costly. While there are high gasoline prices that can vary around $4. 00 a full gallon for a fossil fuel, a gallon of bottled water from Dasani or Aquafina could cost at least $6. 00. * Charles Fishman, an award-winning investigative journalist, known for his works and study in water, wrote† You can buy a half- liter Evian for $1. 3517 ounces of water imported from France for pocket change. That water seems cheap, but only because we arent paying attention. In San Francisco, the municipal water comes from inside Yosemite National Park. Its so good the EPA doesnt require San Francisco to filter it. If you bought and drank a bottle of Evian, you could refill that bottle once a day for 10 years, 5 months, and 21 days with San Francisco tap water before that water would cost $1. 35. Put another way, if the water we use at home cost what even cheap bottled water costs, our monthly water bills would run $9,000† * Refilling bottled water every day for a year would cost 48 cents, in comparison to $365 for $1 water bottles. Tap water is 700 times cheaper and smarter than bottled water. * Not just with money, but bottled water is tremendously expensive and wasteful, in more ways than one. The Earth’s environment takes a toll by the making of plastic bottles and the disposal of plastic bottles. * The uses of recyclable bottles pay a price to the purity of the water as more harmful substances are in the water. 38 billion American water bottles are thrown into not only landfills in America, but into other countries every yearmore than $1 billion worth of plastic, * The billions and billions of plastic bottles add up and end up being a cause for the effect of environmental harm, thus bottled water brings more problems than tap water. * It is shocking to know that people end up paying costly prices for water that is bottled, and that these plastic bottles end up as environmental problems disposed throughout the world. Now let’s wrap this up. Summary: I hope you all will no longer be mislead by bottled water claims and understand the actual quality, regulations, and prices of bottled water and realize tap water can as good or even better. Audience response statement: Like many advertisements with false claims, we all need to read the fine prints, the back of the labels, and even do research on the products we spend our money on, even bottled water. Closing statement: Our $1. 25 for bottled water may not seem so bad at the time being, but now let’s be a smart thinker, and see what you could have been done as an alternative to be a smart drinker.