Strategies of Pressure Groups

Strategies of Pressure Groups Pressure Groups Robert Hassam Britain is often referred to as a homogenous society as the public tend to share similar political views. However, more recently, there has been a decline in membership in political parties and an increase in the membership of pressure groups. In this essay I aim to define pressure groups, analyse their role and importance to British democracy. According to Duncan Watts, apressure groupscan be described as an organised group which seeks to influence government policy, protect or advance a particular cause or interest. They can also be described as ‘interest groups’, ‘lobby groups’ or ‘protest groups’. However some people avoid using the term ‘pressure group’ as it may inadvertently be interpreted as meaning the groups use actual pressure to achieve their aims, which does not necessarily happen. Pressure groups are distinct from political parties in that they do not seek political power, instead they aim to influence those already in power. The term pressure group is relatively recent, however voluntary organisations have been attempting to influence policy ever since the late 18th Century. A typical example of this, is The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Which was founded in 1787 under William Wilberforce, and successfully achieved its objective to abolish slavery in 1807. A pressure group may be a huge organisation such as the British Medical Association (BMA), which stand represents doctors both individually and collectively on a wide variety of employment issues, or it may be a single-issue locally based organisation like CLARA (Central Area Leamington Residents Association), which represents less than 300 households campaigning to preserve and improve the town of Leamington Spa. Pressure groups are not only distinguished by size, cause, and aim but also by the levels of extremism, such as the Animal Liberation Front, which has frequently indulged in illegal activities to further its aims and objectives. Pressure groups may also have strong links to political parties such as the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), which have links to the Labour government and have regular contact with cabinet ministers. (Jones Norton, 2010) Pressure groups are divided into the following sub-groups: Causal (or promotional) groups, Sectional (or Protection) groups and also how close they are to the government known as either Insider or Outsider groups. Causal groups are involved with a particular issue or issues and serve this cause by promoting it. These groups vary in size and aims, which can be permanent ‘such as friends of the earth’ who continually campaign for their particular cause or they can be temporary such as CND, the ‘campaign for nuclear disarmament’ who would disperse if their cause was attained or irreversibly lost. Sectional groups represent and further the interests of a particular part of society and as a result the members of these groups are more directly concerned with the outcome of the campaign at hand as they usually stand to gain something (professionally, economically). Therefore membership is usually limited to the sole members of that particular group of the populatio n and aim to involve all those that are eligible to join. Insider groups have strong links with decision makers and are regularly consulted. They are the groups that the government local and national considers to be legitimate and are, therefore, given access to decision makers. This category includes the National Farmers Union (NFU) and the police force, as they are involved in the consultation process as a matter of course when government proposals relevant to their activities are discussed. An outsider group is one that operates outside the government, they have no special links with them but they still seek to influence decision makers by (usually) mobilizing public opinion, an example would be Fathers 4 justice. Theyre generally not involved in the Law Making process and so dont have a chance to influence legislation. This may be due to previous protests or demonstrations which have made their relationship with the government hostile. Generally, Insider groups would be more s uccessful that outsider groups because of the influences that they do hold and the power they have to change the decisions made by the government. (Jones Norton, 2010) (http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/modern/uk_gov_politics/central_gov/revision/4/) Pressure groups act as intermediaries between the government and the public. This role has become increasingly important as the scope and complexity of politics have increased and as it has become more difficult for political parties alone to perform all the representative functions. This means that they act as a spokesman or negotiators on behalf of clearly defined sectional interests, for example the ‘National Farmers Union’ which acts on behalf of farmers or the ‘British Medical Association’ which acts on behalf of medical professionals or doctors. Additionally pressure groups help governments to create and actualize their approaches by entering into detailed consultations on recommendations for administrative action or legislation and in this way by conveying a measure of public consent to the output of policy and decision making processes. For example, accommodation has had an extensive impact on housing legislation over the years, the Child Poverty Act ion Group has consistently pressed for changes to help the poor and particularly families with children. Pressure groups empower new concerns and issues to achieve the political agenda, thereby facilitating social advance and avoiding social stagnation, for instance the women’s and environmentalist movements. Pressure groups build social cohesion and political stability by providing almost a safety net for people and collective demands. (Forman and Baldwin, 2007) For many years, pressure groups in Europe worked at or below the level of the state. On the other hand, they have been dynamic in the EU since its formation, playing a significant role in its political improvement and policy making. The movement of political power towards the EU has implied that more power is progressively being transferred to Brussels. Hence pressure groups are increasingly turning to Brussels to campaign on issues as issues have a tendency to work on a worldwide level such as global warming. Pressure groups can now impact choices made on a worldwide level. The rapid rise of multinational originations also implies these companies have influence on a global level. Hence people need to campaign through pressure groups to impact them on key issues like child labour and free trade. (Watts, 2008) Quite a bit of what the public thinks about politics originates from the activities of pressure groups. They empower political instruction and raise political awareness. They commit significate resources to carrying out research, maintaining websites, remarking on government approaches and using high profile and expert individuals to get over their perspectives. An example would be Bob Geldof and the Live Eight concerts held in 2005 in ten cities, which was designed to put pressure on the G8 leaders to tackle global poverty. Pressure groups likewise provide a means for cooperation in local politics between elections. For instance, in 1994 the A452 Coordination Group campaigned to block plans by Warwickshire County Council to make the A452 a dual carriageway. After the groups exceptional campaigning, the board dropped the arrangements. . (Forman and Baldwin, 2007) (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/what_are_pressure_groups.htm) The strategies and methods utilized by pressure groups can influence its success such as advertising. Pressure groups endeavor to impact public opinion through the media and mass communication including strategies of advertising and public relations. Groups that use advertising campaigns such as NSPCC and GOSH (Television advertisement campaigns) appeal to a wide audience which often make the group a household name. Another technique utilized by pressure groups is ‘lobbying’. Lobbying is the art of cultivating and influencing the opinions of policy-makers, such as MPs and Lords. Methods of lobbying vary and can range from sending letters, making presentations, providing briefing material to Members and organised rallies. Another method used by pressure groups is participating in publicity stunts. In 2008, Greenpeace battled against the 3rd runway at Heathrow Airport by breaking into the air terminal and protesting on top of one of the planes, this generated a lot of medi a coverage and attention from both the general population and the government. The use of public demonstrations can also aid the success of a pressure group, which can be seen from the 2010 NUS (National Union of Students) demonstration against the rise in university fees in London, this was exceptionally advertised and the group drew a considerable amount of attention, nonetheless it didnt impact the government and the rise in fees still occurred. Pressure groups also raise petitions which can lead to success, for example the National Trusts petition against the government selling forestry lands which was a success as Cameron dropped the proposals not long after the petition was presented. Pressure groups that use strategies and methods widely are more inclined to be effective rather than groups that sit back and are not involved in any public demonstrations or petitions such a Tentelini, a group that isnt known to use any methods to gain attention or to influence the government. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7338875.stm) (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20412792) A pressure groups can use a variety of different methods to influence law. Firstly, it can merely educate legislators of its member’s inclinations. Second it may well give money or time to help with an election campaign. Third, its members may threaten, as a group, to vote as a block. By doing this they guarantee to help a cooperative legislator, and threaten to harm a non-cooperative legislator. Fourth, a pressure group may speed up legislation by writing bills and helping legislators make progressive agreements. Finally, a pressure group my attempt to influence members of the executive, who have some law making input and who can partly decide the strength and effectiveness of law enforcement. (Coxall and Robins, 1998) For some, pressure groups are a fundamental part of democracy. To others, pressure groups undermine the whole principle of democracy. Democracy is a system of government where decisions are arrived at by majoritarian principles with representatives elected at periodic elections where political equality and political opportunity permit the voter a compelling decision between competing candidates in a secret ballot. Arguments are present on both sides of the debate on whether pressure groups are beneficial for the government, and democracy. These arguments are typically focused upon Elitist and Pluralist belief systems, which differentiate one another in terms of thoughts. Elitists believe that the utilization of pressure groups threaten democracy, with the opinion of parties becoming too extreme in their views of which they become involved in criminalised activities, exert forced influence onto the general public, and the concept of innocent lives being harmed in the process of the pr essure groups protests. Pluralists however, consider pressure groups to promote democracy; with the use of individuals participating more in politics, and the focus of particular issues raised by the group to the government. Pluralists believe that pressure groups overcome the democratic deficit that builds up thereby enhancing the quality of democracy by increasing participation and access to the political system. Pressure groups complement and supplement electoral democracy in two main ways: by providing a vital form of citizen influence of the government between elections and enabling society’s variety of opinions is known. Pressure groups are the objective way to influence decisions in a free society. Freely operating pressure groups are crucial to the effective functioning of liberal democracy in three main ways: they serve as a voice between government and society, they disperse political power and provide an important counterweight and balance to political power which is particularly important with the two main political parties: the Conservative Party and the Labour party. Pressure groups improve the responsibilities of decision makers to electorates if enough impact is made. (Joyce, 2010) Although its undeniable that pressure groups play a vital role in British politics particularly in today’s less differential society, perhaps its not the suggested one of the pluralist model. For example, pressure groups do enhance interest however in an unequal way, benefiting the powerful and organised and disadvantaging the weak and disorderly. The groups themselves may not be representative of their members as many members views are overlooked if they dont comply with the ideologies of the leaders or decision makers of that group. The methods of influence some groups use build social discontent and political instability by intensifying social frustration and injustice felt by certain sections of the population. This can disregard the benefit of the whole of the community and this kind of civil disobedience cant be justified in todays democratic system. In conclusion, pressure groups can both detract from and strengthen democracy to a certain extent. Pressure groups are an essential dimension of any democracy, yet they can endanger it if sectional groups undermine the public interest or if the methods they use are corrupt or intimidating. Lastly in my humble opinion, I think pressure groups are a fundamental part of any democratic society, serving as a voice between the elite and the common citizens. However I question, if pressure groups where not influential in British politics, would the voices of common citizens be heard or even considered by the elite minority such as politicians? Bibliography Bitesize, B.,n.d. Pressure Groups. (Online) Available at:Â  (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/what_are_pressure_groups.htm)Â  (Accessed on 07th of April 2015) Bitesize, B,.n.d. Government Politics. (Online) Available at:Â  (http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/modern/uk_gov_politics/central_gov/revision/4/)Â  (Accessed on 07th of April 2015) Bitesize, B,.n.d. UK Politics. (Online) Available at:Â  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7338875.stm)Â  (Accessed on Bitesize, B,.n.d. Education. (Online) Available at:Â  (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20412792)Â  (Accessed on Jones, B., M., Nortan, P. (2010) Politics UK, 7th Edition. London: Pearson Education Ltd. Watts, D. (2008) The European Union. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Forman, F.N., Baldwin, D.J. (2007) Mastering British Politics, 5th Edition. Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Ltd. Coxall, B., Lyton, R. (1998) Contemporary British Politics, 3rd Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Joyce, P. (2010) Understanding Politics, 3rd Edition. London: Hodder Education.

Flagella And Cilia :: essays research papers

FlagellaFlagella are necessary for the active movement of bacterial cells and protozoa. Flagella are single, whip-like structures that propel an organism through an aquatic environment. They use undulatory motions, where the waves of motion start at the base of the flagellum. The size, the volume of the medium, the length, position and width of the flagella on the organism determine the direction and speed propulsion of the cell. There are three different types of flagella movement. They are either planar, oarlike beating, or three dimensional waves.In the three dimensional wave movement, the flagella whips back and forth. As a result, the organism moves forward in the direction of the flagellum.The planar waves are mostly asymmetrical, and are on a single plane. The planar waves make the protozoan rotate on it’s longitudinal axis. The direction of movement is opposite of the direction of the wave.The oarlike flagellar movement is the same as planer, but the waves are often v ery asymmetrical, and have more side to side swing. Also, the protozoan usually rotates and moves with the flagellum from the front end.CiliaCilia are tiny hairlike appendices that swim or beat individually or in large fields. They work like flexible oars. The movement of each cilia must be closely coordinated with all of the other cilia. This is called metachronal rhythm, which is a wave of simultaneously beating groups of cilia moving from the anterior to posterior end of the organism and is responsible for the transport of objects and materials.Cilia play an important role in nearly all life functions in most species in the animal kingdom, including humans. Some of which are, feeding, reproduction, sensing, swimming, and transportation. Since they are so important, there has been a great deal of research done on them. Hancock made the first theoretical breakthrough in the mid-50’s, although cilia have been known about for 250 years. Flagella And Cilia :: essays research papers FlagellaFlagella are necessary for the active movement of bacterial cells and protozoa. Flagella are single, whip-like structures that propel an organism through an aquatic environment. They use undulatory motions, where the waves of motion start at the base of the flagellum. The size, the volume of the medium, the length, position and width of the flagella on the organism determine the direction and speed propulsion of the cell. There are three different types of flagella movement. They are either planar, oarlike beating, or three dimensional waves.In the three dimensional wave movement, the flagella whips back and forth. As a result, the organism moves forward in the direction of the flagellum.The planar waves are mostly asymmetrical, and are on a single plane. The planar waves make the protozoan rotate on it’s longitudinal axis. The direction of movement is opposite of the direction of the wave.The oarlike flagellar movement is the same as planer, but the waves are often v ery asymmetrical, and have more side to side swing. Also, the protozoan usually rotates and moves with the flagellum from the front end.CiliaCilia are tiny hairlike appendices that swim or beat individually or in large fields. They work like flexible oars. The movement of each cilia must be closely coordinated with all of the other cilia. This is called metachronal rhythm, which is a wave of simultaneously beating groups of cilia moving from the anterior to posterior end of the organism and is responsible for the transport of objects and materials.Cilia play an important role in nearly all life functions in most species in the animal kingdom, including humans. Some of which are, feeding, reproduction, sensing, swimming, and transportation. Since they are so important, there has been a great deal of research done on them. Hancock made the first theoretical breakthrough in the mid-50’s, although cilia have been known about for 250 years.

Filipino writers Essay

Region Literary Types Prominent Author Bicol Literature -extraordinary vitalityof richness in depicting historical events, specific persons and social conditions in Bicol Region. – characterized by clarity and grace of expression evident in song and dance. – friction writing in Bicol has not flourished. Handiog (epic) – First important work in Bicol. Liturgical Play (play) – combination of miming and punning with religious to cover up doubled edge statements against Spaniards. Comedia – as a social and political critique enhanced by his creation of an ineffectual character quite like tragic hero. Anti Cristo (drama) – technical artistry gained appreciative comments from drama critics at University of the Philippines. Maria Lilia F. Realubit Mariano Perfecto Sabas Armenta Justiniano Nuyda Asisclo Jimenez – Known for his gift of mimicry and comic version of life. Manuel Fuentabella – noted for his lyricism and sensitivity. Angelo De Castro – writes with perceptivity and fatalism. Valerio Zuniga – projects human feelings clearly in his work. Mariano Goyena del Prado – writes with poetic awareness and dramatic choice of words. Ilocano Literature – best illustrates the literature of the region in various stages Dallang – Ilokano Literature Lam-ang and Namongan – earliest known poem, mention of Christian baptism and marriage and names of other characters shows strong evidence of hispanization. Translation of Cardinal Bellarmine’s Catechism – first book printed in Iloko, earliest source of information about Pedro Bukaneg. Passion and Panagbiag – religious work Moro Moro and Zarzuela (Comedia) – first presented by Isabelo Uray Narigat No Paguimbagan/ Improvement Despite Obstacles 1911 (novel) Nasamitken Narucbos nga Sabong daguiti Dardarepdep it Agbaniaga/ Sweet and Fresh Flower of a travellers Dream1921 Mining Wenno Ayat it Cararua/ Mining or Spiritual Love 1941 Banawag – weekly magazine Maingel it Kabambantayan (The hero of Wilderness) – life of Ilokano pioneers who seeks greener pastures in Cagayan Puris it Barukong (Thorn in the Breast) – studies between the fued between the Iloko and other regional groups. Dagiti Mariing Iti Parbangon (Who are awakened at Down) – deals with fisherman because poetry seeks employment in government. Nasudi nga Agnanayon (Forever Pure) and Ta Dida Ammo it Aramidda – are the social study of Sapanish era. Ramut iti Ganggannaet (Roots in Foreign Soil) – about Filipino Identity The Other Women Marcelino A. Foronda Jr. – gives substantial account of Ilocano literature Fray Francisco Lopez Pedro Bukaneg – father of Iloko Literature. Leona Florentino – National poetess of the Philippines. Isabelo de los Reyes – folklone studies and religious and political article. Facundo Madriaga Marcos E. Milton Marcelo Pena Crisologo Former President Ferdinand Marcos – reffered it as the bible of Northern Philippines. Arsenio T. Ramels Contante Casabars Marcelino Foronda Jr. Marcelino Foronda Jr. Virgilio R. Samonte Sugbuanon Literature provides information and insights into the character and culture of the largest linguistic sector in the Philippines. Abundant and varied. According to Saturio Villarino, it is characterized by adaptions from Spanish and English poetry. Inspired by vernacular translations of foreign novels. Ang Suga (The Lamp) – bitter consequences of Filipinos sensitivity towards the Spanish Occupation. Lalawa (Image) – collection of didactic short stories portraying to society problem character. Dili Diay Yawan-on (Not truly evil) and Fausto Dugenio’s Sayaw (The Dance of Life) Syudad sa Sugbu (V Ramos St., Cebu City) And Temistocles Adlawan’s Ang Gindak-on sa Dagat (The Breadth on the Sea) – most significant stories during the last 30 years Miawas ang Taub (The Tide Overflowed) – longest Sugbuanon novel, composed of 80 up to 90 characters. Ang Palad ni Pepe (Pepe’s Fortune) – phenomenally successful novel serialize in Bisaya Ang Anak ni Pepe (Pepe’s Child) – sequel to Pepe’s Fortune Adlaw sa Panudya (Day of Reckoning) – master piece of Tiburcio Baguio with Francisco Candia Balitaw – comic representation of love Drama Balitaw – developed from balitaw, which story line with spoken dialogue is woven around at least two balitaw sequences. Duplo – debate in verse with only two characters. Balagtasan sa Balitaw – incorporation of duplo and balitaw, courtship plot became frame work. Kolilisi – private type of drama performed by neighbors to divert bereaved family. Bagamundo – related type of folk play where a vagabond stranger arrives at the gate of kolilisi. Pamalaye – private performance, old Sugbuanon ritual formalizing an engage to marry. The Quarell between the East and the West Bachelors – story from Marawi City Nicolas Rafols Vicente Rama Domingo Estabaya – outstanding among the school writers Dionisio Gabriels Dalan V. Rama Natario Bacalso- outstanding novalist duing this time Flaviano Boquecosa – outstanding novalist duing this time Tiburcio Baguio Radiomoda Mamitua Saber

Things Fall Apart Pt. 1 Study Questions Answers - 3516 Words

Things Fall Apart – Chinua Achebe Study Questions 1)- Achebe would choose to take the title of â€Å"The Second Coming† probably because the Igbo tribe falls apart inside due to social issues more as it was said in the poem, â€Å"Things fall apart; the center cannot hold.†. This deepens/extends the meaning of Achebe’s title and novel because the main center of the Igbo tribe was losing its strength and conflicts were bound to happen because of this. 2)- Okonkwo was quite popular throughout the villages. After a wrestling match he began to gain fame. He was tall, huge, and had bushy eyebrows with a wide nose. He also used physical violence to make his point or release his anger. In addition, he hardly ever showed any other expression than†¦show more content†¦Proverbs were frequently used in their culture. It adds more of a meaning to how they communicate and communication was very important in keeping the Igbo society united. Similar folktales told in my culture are the multiple tales of Anansi the spider. The moral of the fable of the tortoise told in Ch. 11 is basically one who causes troubles for others, causes it for him/herself as well so it’s best not to be selfish and take advantage of others. . These stories reflect the importance of different cultures and their values. 5)- The story takes place in the village of Umuofia in Africa. It contained nine villages and there they embrace the Igbo culture. In Igbo culture, men are superior to their wives. The old wise elders have authority also. They worshipped nature gods such as earth and sky gods. Important celebrations include the Week of Peace and the Feast of the New Yam. The role of war, religion, and the arts were very important. The role of war is to show how manly the men are and the role of religion is traditional because they pray to the gods since that is what their ancestors did. The arts’ role was a form of entertainment but also for rank because when Okonkwo won the fight against Amalinze, he was noticed, became famous and people thought highly of him. An individual’s role depends on their rank in the clan and how worthy they proved to be. Okonkwos culture is very different thanShow MoreRelatedCase Study 15: Endocarditis Essay5879 Words   |  24 PagesCase Study 15 Scenario J.F. is a 50-year-old married homemaker with a genetic autoimmune defi ciency; she has suffered from recurrent bacterial endocarditis. The most recent episodes were a Staphylococcus aureus infection of the mitral valve 16 months ago and a Streptococcus mutans infection of the aortic valve 1 month ago. 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